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Summarize the key message of an article called” Land of the Rising Price”:A burst of inflation has happened in Japan in 2008， which makes the price A broker named Christopher Wood points out that it is definitely But others don’t agree with the John Richards， who works in the Royal Bank of Scotland in Tokyo， claims that the recovery in Japan has depended on exports too However， the demand from Asia， America and Europe has slowed this The rising price causes to reduce companies’ profit margins， while customers’ purchasing power also Richard Jerram， who works in Macquarie Capital Securities in Tokyo， suggests that when the value of savings is changed by inflation， households are possible to transfer savings into other assets in order to get higher But M Wood argues that the bad inflation， which makes the various costs increase， is another type of That will cause rapid and deep change in Japan according to the He strongly believes that the rapid and deep change will happen However， that will not One of important reason is that the interest rate can’t be increased by the central bank as quickly as the bank would Another reason is that if money remains cheap， corporate reform is impossible to take So the inflation is not good news for JWhat cause deflation in Japan:Deflation is a process of falling price， which is the opposite of Price levels are highly connected with the relationship between the supply and the To understand and express the definition of deflation simply， there is assumption that we are on an isolated island and there are 10 same goods and ten $00 bills that are able to buy them If everyone wants to get one of them， it is obvious that each good costs $ However， if some people don’t want to get it， the price in each good will decrease because sellers want to sell all of So they have to decrease the price in order to encourage people who don’t want to buy any more buy the This is one of types of deflation， which is caused by decreasing the demand of (InflationD， ND)To express the theory more clearly， let’s see a diagram In this diagram， the horizon axis y represents total product (national income)， while the straight axis represents price AD represents aggregate demand curve， while AS represents aggregate supply When the aggregate demand curve drops from AD to AD’， the total product， which depends on the point of intersection between AD curve and AS curve， don’t increase， is still y’ But the price level decreases from P to P’ So this is deflation caused by decreasing the demand of But in the isolated island， if the quantity of money drops to $0， while the number of goods is 10， the price in each good will decreases to $ This is another type of deflation， which is caused by reducing the supply of By the way， the supply of money can also be dropped if someone holds half of money on the island and refuses to spend it on (InflationD， ND)According to the line chart in the article called” Land of the Rising Price”， it is clear that the consumer price fluctuated at very low level during the last ten That means the purchasing power is low， which is a sign of The situation in the last ten years is caused by decreasing the demand of goods or decreasing the supply of Is deflation good for an economy?In fact， whether deflation is good or not depends on the cause of the If deflation is caused by increasing the goods supply， it will be For example， in the late 19th century， with the industrial revolution happening， the productivity of goods was So the supply of goods obviously went Therefore， the price level Decreasing the goods demand or increasing the goods supply has the same If， however， deflation is caused by reducing money supply， it will be The economy contracted because of lack of People may lose their Thus， banks don’t loan money because people have no ability to pay off Therefore， money supply will fall again， while more people may lose their (InflationD， ND)BOJ’s monetary policyMonetary policy is generally classified as an expansionary policy and a contractionary A policy is referred to as contractionary if it decreases the supply of money or increases the interest An expansionary policy raises the supply of money， or drops the interest Obvious from the line chart in the article called” Land of the Rising Price”， the gross interest income dropped quickly from 1994 to In other words， the interest rate in the 12 years decreased That means BOJ’s monetary policy was an expansionary Therefore， the supply of money could be increased using this That would activate the aggregate (Wikipedia， the free encyclopedia， 2008)Though the policy was on the correct track， I don’t think BOJ was successful in solving the deflation One of important reason is that the time of reducing interest rate was more than 10 years， which was too That means BOJ did not find a suitable interest rate during the 12 Another important reason is that when a burst of inflation has happened in 2008， the aggregate demand is not activated The inflation relies on Japan imports mostly， rather than increasing domestic So the purpose of the policy has not achieved The third reason is that the interest rate can’t be increased by BOJ as quickly as BOJ would Bad overseas and domestic economic situation prevent from increasing the interest So generally， BOJ was not successful in solving the Interest rate， exports and exchange rateThe interest rate has very strong effect on the exchange As we all know， the interest rate level depends on the relationship between the demand and the supply in foreign exchange Foreign exchange is one type of financial An investor chooses and holds it because it brings capital Actually， the return of currency in each country is measured by the interest rate in each country’s financial If the interest rate of currency in one country rises， the return will also rise， attracting investors to buy the If the interest rate drops， the return will Therefore， the attraction of the currency is BOJ has kept the interest rate low， which is the lowest of any G8 That means the interest rate of Japanese Yen is lower than many other countries， which leads to increasing capital outflows， reducing capital Thus， investors who hold Japanese Yen will sell the currency， which will make the exchange rate Decreasing exchange rate of Japanese Yen always leads to rising Japanese exports and reducing the First， with the depreciation of Japanese Yen， price of domestic goods is lower than price of foreign So the demand of domestic goods will increase， while the demand of foreign goods will It is good for Japanese exports and international Second， with the increase of the demand of domestic goods， the price level will go up， while the employment will rise， increasing the national The behavior of companies and consumersIn deflation period， the price in the market is As a result， the company profits are So a company is trying its best to make the cost of production lower in order to remain One way to achieve the aim is to reduce the nominal Therefore， people spend less money in purchasing so that they will show the sign of belt- Actually， the deflation lasted for more than 10 So when the inflation is happening， the price level is Therefore， companies expected that the increased price level might solve the problem caused by So they have struggled to pay more wages and hire more workers so that the cost is But unfortunately， rising price level don’t solve the Therefore， company profits are decreasing because the cost is increasing in the inflation In fact， in the short run， even though inflation is happening， people are not responding to that because they don’t know the price in future will be higher than current price， at least in the short

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INTO THE STORMFOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world’s financial Commodity exporters were thriving， thanks to high prices for raw China’s economic juggernaut powered And， from Budapest to Brasília， an abundance of credit fuelled domestic Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression， emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the 过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启，而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增，但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。No As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated， the emerging world’s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies The seizure in the credit market caused havoc， as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services， including trade 不过目前的情况不再是那样了，随着境外资本的流失和经济信心的消失，新兴国家股市暴跌（有些地区已经腰斩），本币迅速贬值。由于外国银行突然中断贷款，并且收缩了包括贸易信贷在内的基础银行服务，新兴国家的信贷市场突发混乱，并引发了一场浩劫。Like their rich-world counterparts， governments are battling to limit the damage (see article) That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks’ Less well-endowed countries are asking for Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF， as is U Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial 新兴国家的政府和发达国家的政府一样都在为控制损失程度而奋斗。不过对于外汇储备充足的国家来说难度会小一些：俄罗斯斥资2200亿美元重振金融服务行业；韩国政府担保了1000亿美元的银行债务。而那些储备并不充足的国家正在四处求援：匈牙利成功向欧洲央行求得了50亿欧元（约66亿美元）的生命线，同时也在同国际货币基金组织协商借款事宜，同时向国际货币基金组织求援的还有乌克兰。近一打儿的国家在向基金组织求助。Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds， seemingly to stave off default (see article) But even stalwarts are looking Figures released this week showed that China’s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent 有持续问题的国家正棋行险招：阿根廷正在将私人养老金国有化，意图阻止违约的发生。即使强有力的国家也表现出虚弱一面：本周公布的数字表明今年中国的增长率在第三季度减缓为9%，虽然增速还算快，但是与近些年的两位数增率相比缓慢了不少。Blowing cold on credit对信贷没兴趣The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness， but the cumulative impact of all this will be Most obviously， how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 But their economic fate will also have political 众多新兴经济的意愿并不相同，但是累计在一起的影响力却非同一般。最明显的就是这些国家的表现将会决定世界经济所面临的是一个较为缓和的衰退还是更可怕的情况。在过去18个月的全球经济增长中，新兴经济贡献了75%。但是他们的经济命运也会有一些政治后果。In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak But even strong regimes could Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social More generally， the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world Unlike many previous emerging-market crises， today’s mess spread from the rich world， largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised 在类似东欧的很多地区，金融混乱目前的打击目标是软弱的政府；但强硬的政权同样会尝到苦果。一些专家认为中国每年需要7%的增长率来阻止社会动荡的发生。总体来说，如此争端必将影响全球经济一体化的讨论。与以往数次新兴经济危机不同，这次的混乱始于发达国家，很大程度上要归咎于一体化的资本市场。一旦新兴经济崩溃，无论是货币危机还是剧烈的经济萧条，大家对于金融全球化是否属明智之举会有更多的质疑。Fortunately， the picture is not universally All emerging economies will Some will surely face deep But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before， armed with large reserves， flexible currencies and strong Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a 幸运的是上述恐怖的场景没有发生在全球的每个角落：所有的新兴经济都会减缓发展速度，有一些也必将面临深度萧条；但是更多的国家在面临当下危机的时候却拥有比以往任何时候都强壮的形式，用充足的储备、弹性的货币和强大的预算武装自己。新兴国家及发达国家良好的政策可以避免大灾难的发生。One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world’s disaster is Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports， particularly in Asia and M Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done That has a mixed Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America， it helps commodity importers in Asia and reduces inflation fears Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article)， but given the scale of the past boom， the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread 至少有一个原因值得抱有希望：发达国家此次灾难的直接经济影响还是在可控的范围内。欧美锐减的需求对出口来说无疑是一个打击，特别是对亚洲和墨西哥。商品价格走低：原油价格与巅峰时期比较已经下降了60%，很多粮食和金属类商品跌幅更大。这两个现象有混合效果：尽管从俄罗斯到南美的商品（能源）出口企业备受打击，但却帮助了亚洲的商品（能源）进口商，并且缓和了各地对通胀的恐惧。委内瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕，也很脆弱；不过由于过去极度的繁荣，商品价格下跌目前还不会引发大范围传播的危机。The more dangerous shock is Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices China’s house prices， for instance， have started falling (see article) This will dampen domestic confidence， even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich Elsewhere， the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending， so tighter credit will mean slower 比商品价格更令人震惊的事情发生在金融领域。由于资产价格的下降，财富水平正在被挤压缩水。以中国房价为例，目前已经开始下跌。尽管新兴国家的消费者比发达国家的负债水平低很多，上述情况还是会挫伤国内的经济信心。在其他方面，国外银行借款骤然匮乏、对冲基金以及其他投资者逃离债券市场，这些因素给信贷增长踩了一脚急刹车。正如发达的信贷曾经强力支撑国内支出那样，信贷紧缩将意味着增长放缓。Again， the impact will differ by Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf， emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic A particular worry is eastern Europe， where many countries have double-digit In addition， even some countries with surpluses， such as Russia， have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global The rich world’s bank bail-outs may limit the squeeze， but the flow of capital to the emerging world will The Institute of International Finance， a bankers’ group， expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last 需要再次重申的是，冲击的表现会因国家的不同而有所区别。多亏中国和海湾产油国经常项目下的巨额顺差，新型经济整体还不断的向发达国家输送资本。但是80 多个国家的财政赤字已经超过GDP的5%，其中的多数是那些依靠国外救助过活得贫困国家；不过也有一些依靠私人资本的大国。对于类似土耳其和南非的国家来说，突然减缓的境外融资迫使其进行大幅调整。东欧的情况特别令人担忧，那里的不少国家赤字水平已经达到了两位数。另外，象俄罗斯这样处于顺差的国家，其银行也逐渐适应了可以轻易从外国取得的贷款，原因自然是全球金融一体化。发达国家的救助计划也许可以限制财富被挤压的水平，但资本流向新兴世界的速度无疑会减慢。国际金融研协会预测私人资本的净流量比去年回减少30%。A wing and a prayer飞行之翼与祈祷者This credit crunch will be grim， but most emerging markets can avoid The biggest ones are in relatively good The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be 信贷紧缩必将令人生畏，不过多数新兴市场可以躲过一劫，最大的市场形势还相当不错。比较脆弱的市场可以（也应该）得到帮助。Among the giants， China is in a league of its own， with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves， a current-account surplus， little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost Since the country’s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth， China’s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not Although that is not enough to save the world economy， such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging 在那些坚强的巨人中，中国卓然不群：手握2万亿美元的储备，经常项下的顺差状态，与国外银行罕有关联，过剩的预算给推动支出留有足够空间。鉴于国家领导人已经明确表示将不惜一切代价为经济增长减速缓冲，中国的经济增长应该会减缓到大约8%的水平，但是决不会崩溃。虽然这不足以挽救世界经济，但是该增长率将会为商品价格建底并帮到新兴世界的其他国家。The other large economies will be harder hit， but should be able to weather the India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency But Brazil’s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower With $550 billion of reserves， Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the In the short-term at least， the most vulnerable countries are all smaller 其他的经济大国会受到更大的冲击，不过应该可以禁受住风暴侵袭。印度的财政赤字巨大，巴西很多公司面临巨大的外汇风险。但巴西经济已经实现多样化，同时上述两个国家拥有充足的储备来平稳过渡到缓慢的增长。俄罗斯掌握着5500亿美元的储备，应该能够阻止对卢布的抢购。至少在短期内，小国家才是最弱不禁风的。There will be pain as tighter credit forces But sensible， speedy international assistance would make a big Several emerging countries have asked America’s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will bail them A better route is surely the IMF， which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to Sadly， borrowing from the fund carries a That needs to The IMF should develop quicker， more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich Now it is time for something similar in the emerging 受到紧缩信贷压力进行的调整必然带来痛苦，但快速的国际援助是明智之举，因为这会让结果很不相同。一些新兴国家已经向美联储求援以缓解流动性问题；有一些则希望中国可以拯救他们与水火。更佳的求救路线莫过于国际货币基金组织，因为它掌握大量的专门知识和2500亿美元的可出借款项。不幸的是人们认为向基金借款有辱其名，国际货币基金组织应该推出更快捷、更灵活的金融工具，同时实现借贷条件最小化。过去数月中，机敏的决策驱散了发达国家的灾难。现在也正是新兴世界发生类似事情的时候了。

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